SEMESTER: 4th FULL COURSE DETAILS
Semester
IV
|
Course No. |
Course Title |
Cr. Hours |
|
BT-
221 |
Metabolism-
I |
3 |
|
BT-
222 |
Nucleic
acid |
3 |
|
BT-
223 |
Animal
Physiology |
3 |
|
BT-
224 |
Plant
Physiology |
3 |
|
BT-225 |
English-III
(Comm Skill) |
3 |
|
BT-226 |
General-III
Basics of Financial Management) |
3 |
|
Fourth Semester
Total |
18 |
|
SEMESTER
IV
METABOLISM-I
|
BT-221 (3
Credit hours) |
Course Contents:
Introduction
to metabolism; carbohydrate metabolism, sources of glucose to the organism
(exogenous and endogenous) digestion and absorption of carbohydrates,
utilization and storage of glucose, anaerobic oxidation of glucose, aerobic
oxidation of glucose (TCA cycle), alternate pathways of carbohydrate metabolism
(HMP shunt), gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism. Electron transport chain.
Lipid metabolism; digestion, absorption and transport
of lipids, utilization and storage of lipids, fatty acids, oxidation, outline
of biosynthesis of fatty acids, glycosides phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols
and steroids. Regulation of metabolism. Integration, controls and disorders of
metabolic pathways related to carbohydrates and lipids.
Practicals:
1. Determination
of Acid value of Fats.
2. Determination
of Lipid Composition of Wheat grain.
3. Variation
of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase activity with enzyme concentration.
4. Effect
of Substrate Concentration and inhibitors on ox heart Lactate Dehydrogenase.
5. Effect
of temperature on the activity of a- amylase.
6. Yeast
isocitrate Dehydrogenase, Allosteric enzyme.
7. lsolation
of Muramidase from egg white. Fraction collector, (UV, VIS).
8. Separation
of isoenzyme of lactate Dehydrogenase by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide
gel (Equipment PAG).
9. Some
properties of Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes.
10. Effect
of Lipid composition on the permeability of a lipid monolayer.
Recommended Books:
1.
Stryer L, Berg J, Tymoczky J
(2002) 5th edition, “Biochemistry” W.HFreeman and Cvompany.
2.
David L. Nelson P, Michael M.
Lehninger P (2004) 4th edition, “Principle of Biochemistry” W.H.
Freeman & Company.
3.
Donald V (2004) 3rd
edition, “Biochemistry” Wiley Text Books Corp.
4.
Christopher K. Mathews P, Kensal
E, Kevin G (1999) 3rd edition, “Biochemistry” Pearson Education
Company
5.
Murray R, Granuea D, Mayer P,
Rodwell V (2003) 26th edition, “Harper’s illustrated Biochemistry” Mc Graw Hill
Inc.
NUCLEIC ACID
|
BT-222 (3
Credit hours) |
Course Contents:
Human
genome organization; human chromosomes, gene structure, mutations, nuclear and mitochondria
genome. Human multigene families; repetitive DNA sequences, pseudogenes.
Expression of human genome; expression control at DNA, RNA, and protein levels,
expression control at nucleosome level, genetic imprinting, X chromosome
inactivation, immunoglobulin gene organization. Cloning of human genes, cDNA
cloning, positional cloning of genes. Mutation detection. Human gene structure
and function.
Practicals:
Determination
of UV absorption spectra of Nucleic Acids and quantification of DNA and RNA.
Preparation of Plasmid DNA. RNA extraction and purification. Southern blot and
hybridization. RNA electrophoresis. Amplification of human gene on PCR.
Separation of alleles on vertical non-denaturing gel.
Recommended Books:
1. Glick B, Pasternack J (1998) 2nd edition, “Molecular
Biotechnology” ASM Pres Washington DC.
2. Strachan T, Andrew P (2004) 3rd
edition, “Human Molecular Genetics” Willey and Sons.
3. Stryer L, Berg j,
Tymoczky J (2002) 5th edition, “Biochemistry”W.H Freeman and Company.
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
|
BT-223 (3
Credit hours) |
Course Contents:
Introduction. Homeostasis. Biomembranes.
Membrane potential. Nervous system; sensory physiology - chemoreception,
mechanoreceptor photoreception. Muscle physiology; introduction, molecular
structure, muscle contraction, skeletal muscle mechanics, - skeletal muscle
movement, smooth and cardiac muscle, invertebrate muscles. Cardiac physiology;
introduction to cardiac cycle, vertebrate & invertebrate. Cardiovascular
system; introduction, solute exchange, blood pressure. Respiratory system;
introduction, gas exchange & transport, control. Respiratory system of
amphibians, reptiles and birds. Respiratory system; the vertebrate gill and
water breathing. Other methods of gas exchange. Urinary system; vertebrate
kidney, osmoregulation, extra renal osmoregulatory organs.
Fluid and acid-base balance. Digestive system
- specialized digestion.
Practicals:
Dissection of frog and study of digestive,
reproduction, arterial, venous and respiratory system. Blood cells. Dissection
of pigeon and study of digestive, excretory, respiratory and reproduction
system. Dissection of mouse and study of digestive, reproductive, excretory
system and blood cells (White blood cells, red blood cells). Study of Nervous
tissue (brain) of Mammals.
Recommended Books:
1. Richard W, Gordon A, Margaret A (2004) 1st edition, “Animal Physiology” Mc Graw Hill Inc.
2. Guyton (2000) 9th
edition, “Text book of medical physiology” Mc Graw Hill Inc.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
|
BT-224 (3
Credit hours) |
Course contents:
Plant structure;
introduction to tissue and tissue system in primary plant body. Water
relations; plant-soil-atmosphere continuum. (an overview). Physico-chemical
properties of water. Water in the soil and its potentials. Water absorption.
Plant mineral nutrition; importance of minerals, their absorption and role in
plant development. Ascent of sap; path and theories. Mechanism of phloem
transport. Leaves and atmosphere; gaseous exchange, mechanism and factors
affecting stomatal movement. Photosynthesis; concept, an overview of the
mechanism. Pigments and photosynthetic activity, photosystem I and II,
photophosphorylation and its mechanism, dark reactions, (CO2 reduction). C4 and
CAM pathways. Respiration; concept, respiratory substrates and quotient,
aerobic and anaerobic respiration, Glycolysis, electron transport, ATP
formation and oxidative photophosphorylation, factors affecting respiration.
Fermentation, control and factors affecting respiration. Plant growth and
development; phytohormones and role in biological processes,
phytohormones-kinds, structure and mechanism of action, physiological effects
of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins,
abscisic acid and ethylene, control of flowering metabolic aspects of
senescence, role of hormones in seed germination, aging and death. Photoperiodism
and mechanism. Vernalization.
Practicals:
Identification of C3 and C4 leaves. Identification of
stomatal types. Study of special epidermal cells. Study of transverse section
of root. Study of transverse section of stem. Determination of water potential
by Chardakov’s method. Effect of light on stomatal movements. Extraction of
chlorophyll from leaves and separation of pigments. Measurement of relative
growth rate (RGR). Measurement of specific leaf area and plant activity. To
observe that oxygen is released during photosynthesis.
Recommended
books
1. Kochar
P, Krishna N (1994) 2nd edition, “A text book of plant physiology” Mc Graw Hill
Book Company Inc.
2. Giese
C (1999) 2nd edition, “Cell Physiology” Mc Graw Hill Book Company Inc.
3. Jain
K (2000) 3rd edition, “Fundamentals of plant physiology” Mc Graw Hill Book Company Inc.
4. Ihsan
Ilahi “Plant Physiology: Biophysical process in Plants” University Grant
Commission, Islamabad.
5. Ihsan
Ilahi “Plant Physiology: Biochemical process in Plants” University grant
commission, Islamabad.
ENGLISH-III (COMMUNICATION SKILLS)
|
BT-225
(3 Credit hours) |
GENERAL-III (BASIC OF
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT )
|
BT-226
(3 Credit hours) |
Chapter 1st: introduction:
i.
Introduction to
Management:
Management,
Process of Management, types of Management
ii.
Introduction to
Financial Management
Financial
Management, types of Financial Management, (Personal finance, corporate
finance).
iii.
Financial Techniques,
Concepts
Chapter 2nd: Working Capital Management
i.
Cash budget:
Need of Cash, Cash Importance, Cash Book
Maintenance, Cash Flow Statement.
ii.
Credit
Credit policy, Advantages / disadvantages
of credit trade Stock
iii.
stock
control.
Chapter 3rd: Management
of fixed assets
i.
Depreciation
ii.
Insurance
Chapter 4th: Mathematical Management.
i.
Calculation of
Interest Rate simple interest rate, compound interest rate, present value
techniques.
ii.
The methods of appraising an investment
proposal.
Pay back. Average Rate of Return, Internal
Rate of Return, Present Value, Net Present Value
0 Comments