SEMESTER: 8th FULL COURSE DETAILS

 SEMESTER: 8th FULL COURSE DETAILS

Semester VIII

Course No.	Course Title	Cr. Hours
BT- 421	Food Biotechnology	3
BT- 422	Pharm. Biotechnology	3
BT- 423	Biochemical Engineering	3
BT- 485	Two optional /Thesis	4
BT-424	Industrial Biotechnology	3
BT-425	Biostatistics	2
Eighth Semester Total		18

SEMESTER VIII

FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY

BT-421                                                                                                                   (3 Credit hours)

 

      Course Contents:

Food sciences; food technology, food nutrition and food biotechnology. Food additives, food borne diseases, enzymatic reactions, Principle of food preservation by heating/canning, Principle of food preservation by drying/dehydration, Principle of food preservation by refrigeration/gas refrigeration. Principle of food preservation by freezing, Principle of food preservation by food concentrates, Principle of food preservation by fermentation, Principle of food preservation by pickling and curing.

      Practicals:

Visits to industry, Milk and milk products. Plain and flavored yogurt, Cheese preparation. Ethanol production, biomass production. Production of organic acids; Vinegar, citric acid, lactic acid etc. Fruits and vegetables; fermented vegetables, pectin production and enzymatic activity in juices, Cereal products, plain and sour bread studies, preservation techniques. Meat and egg products, seafood.

Recommended Books

1.      John T, Nickerson L, Louis J (2002), 2^nd edition, ‘Elementary food sciences, National book foundation

2.       Norman D (2002) 4^th edition, ‘The technology of food preservation’ National book foundation.

 

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

 

BT-422                                                                                                              (3 Credit hours)

 

Course contents

Introduction to concepts and technologies in pharmaceutical biotechnology, Polymer, classification, polymerization and characterization of polymer, different averages molecular weight, controlled drug release, its advantages and disadvantages over conventional release, non-toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility in drug release, solvent, diffusion and chemically controlled drug release system. Hydrogels, Microbial transformation: types of reactions mediated by microorganisms i.e. antibiotics and itaconic acid. Regulatory issues like biosafety and intellectual property right and protection in biotechnology.

 

Recommended books

1.      A.R. Arnold, ‘Pharmaceutical biotechnology’ 3^rd edition, 2002, oxford publishers.

2.      Lachman, ‘Theory and practice in industrial pharmacy’ 3^rd edition, Lea and Febiger, Philadephi (1986)

3.      Cooper and Gunn, ‘Tutorial Pharmacy’ 6^th edition, 1999, Pitman Medical Pub.Co.Ltd, England

4.      Kayser O, Muller H (2004) “Pharmaceutical biotechnology” 1^st edition, willy-vch.

 

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING      

BT-423                                                                                                          (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

Principles of chemical engineering. Units and subuits. Materials and energy balances and thermodynamics; different types of heat of reactions; industrial processes flow diagrams; survey of industrial processes flow diagrams; survey of unit processes, and flow diagrams. Chemical and biochemical reactors. Instrumentation control. Selected processes in downstream processing; novel bioreactor systems.

Practicals:

Working with Fermenter, extraction unit. Centrifuge, evaporators, spray dryer, separation of solid particles: Cross-flow filtration, Determination of the ‘Disruption Constant’ with a Bead Mill, Optimization of the disruption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a high-pressure homogenizer, precipitation of proteins from a crude yeast extract by Ammonium sulphate, separation of the enzymes Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase and Fumarase by Ion Exchange Chromatography. Isolation of Actinomycin D as an example for obtaining secondary metabolites.

Recommended Books:

1.      Robert H (1997) 7^th edition, “Pery’s Chemical Engineers Hand Book” Mc Graw Hill Company.

2.      Little J (2000) 1^st edition, “Principles of Chemical Engg” Willey & Sons.

3.      John-Perry (2001) 1^st edition, “Chemical Engineering Handbook” Willey & Sons.

4.      Richardson C (2002) 3^rd edition, “Chemical Engineering” Wiley & Sons.

 

 

 

INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

BT-424                                                                                                                   (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

Introduction to industrial biotechnology; historical landmarks, application of industrial biotechnology, biosafety and regulation during industrial production, code of good manufacturing practice (GMP). Features of biotechnological important microorganisms; commonly used microbes in industries, culture of microorganism, isolation and screening of microorganism, maintenance of isolates, inoculum development, strain improvement, production of whole cells, brief description of low and high molecular weight, compounds. Fermenters and Process Development; introduction to fermenter (bioreactor), types of fermenter, fluidized bed bioreactor, loop or air fill bioreactor, membrane bioreactor, bubble column bioreactor, photo bioreactor and stirred tank bioreactor. Construction of bioreactor; design and operation, achievement and maintenance of aseptic conditions and scale up of fermentations. Process development.

Down Stream Processing; introduction, separation of particles, disintegration of cells, extraction, concentration, purification and drying, in-situ recovery of products. Special Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology; alcoholic, lactic acid, acetic acid fermentation, production of organic acids by fungi like oxalic acid and citric acid. Industrially important products; antibiotics, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins and toxins. Single cell Protein (SCP) and Mycoproteins; introduction advantage of producing microbial protein, microorganisms used, substrates, nutritional value of SCP, genetic improvement in microbial cell, production of algal biomass, production of yeast biomass. Enzymes engineering; introduction, objectives, principles, general steps in enzyme engineering and limitations. Large scale production of protein from recombinant microorganisms; vaccines, hormones, antibodies. Synthesis of commercial products by recombinant microorganisms; restriction endonuclease, small biological molecules and biopolymers.

Practicals:

Determination of growth curve of bacteria. Study of fermentation by using yeast

Study of acetic acid oxidation (Vinegar Production) in laboratory. Wine production by using grape juice. Demonstration of yogurt production by using bacteria. Bioassay of vitamin B₁₂  (Cyanocobalamine). Demonstration of antibiotic production

Demonstration of enzymes production. Large-scale growth of bacteria and determination of wet weight and dry weight. Measurement of fungal growth by biomass (mycelial dry weight) method.

 

Recommended Books:

1.      Dubey R and Maheshwari D (2002) 2^nd   edition, “Text book of Microbiology” S. Chand Series.

2.      Glick B, Pasternak J (2004) 3^rd edition, “Molecular biotechnology” Willey and Sons.

 

BIOSTATISTICS

BT-425                                                                                                              (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

Basic statistics for biotechnology. Measure of central tendency, Co-efficient of variance. Probability. Distribution, normal binomial and Poisson’s distribution. Hypothesis testing; one and two sample hypothesis, z-and other tests.  Simple linear regression. Analysis of variance, Non-parametric tests, Distribution free tests, Chi-square tests.

 

Recommended Books:

1.      Anthony N (1995) 1^st edition, “High Yield Biostatistics” William & Wilkins Company.

2.      Glover D, Mitchell S (2002) 2^nd edition, “An Introduction to Biostatistics” McGraw Hill Companies.

 

THESIS OR TWO OPTIONAL COURSES:

 

 

CURRENT TRENDS IN MOLCULAR BIOLOGY

 

Biotech-485-1                                                                                                        (3 Credit hours)

 

MEDICAL GENETICS

 

Biotech-485-2                                                                                                        (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

Basic principles of human genetics, chromosomal disorder. Modes of inheritance and gene disorder. Biochemical genetics. Hemoglobin disorder. Immunogenetics. Genetics of cancer. Genetic counseling. Prenatal diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases.

Recommended Books:

1.      Pal G (2003) “Medical Genetics” 1^st edition, AITS Publication and Distributors.

 

 

MOLECULAR MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT

 

Biotech-485-3                                                                                                        (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

Different methodologies for designing new medicine and drugs. Combinatorial drug development. Enzymes synthetic template for drug development. DNA binding drugs, RNA binding drugs. Design of inhibitor. Targeted delivery of drugs. Microbial models for drugs metabolism. Enzyme inhibition studies.

Recommended Books:

1.      Kayser O, Muller H (2004) “Pharmaceutical biotechnology” 1^st edition, willy-vch.

 

 

PROTIEN STRUCTURE/ PROTIEN ENGINEERING

 

Biotech-485-4                                                                                                           (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

Introduction to protein engineering, introduction to protein structure, protein conformation, protein sequencing, predicting protein conformation from sequence data. Methods of protein 3D structure determination, protein isolation, purification modification and characterization. Extraction of proteins from plant tissues, animal tissues, bacteria, fungi etc. Extraction of recombinant proteins from bacteria. Extraction of membrane proteins. Lyophilization of proteins and storage of pure proteins. Expression of protein in bacteria. Expression of protein in yeast, expression of engineered protein in mammalian cell culture, insect cell expression technology. Mutational effect on protein folding on an industrial scale. Protein engineering for stability, structure function relationship for protein design. Bacteriophage display libraries. Design of metalloproteins. Engineering therapeutic antibodies. Site directed mutagenesis, site directed drug designing.

Recommended Books:

1.          Glick B, Pasternak J, (2004) “Molecular Biotechnology” 3^rd edition, ASM Press.

 

STEM CELL AND THERAPEUTIC CLONING

Biotech-485-5                                                                                                        (3 Credit hours)

Course Contents:

An introduction to early animal development, characteristics of cell types and stages of

 differentiation, lineage tracing, De-differentiation, stem cells, types, embryonic stem  cells (ICM), fetal stem cells, adult stem cells (brain, bone marrow, blood, skeletal muscles and skin),properties of stem cells, techniques for manipulating stem cells,  potential uses and applications, tissue engineering ,tissue creation ,  tissue replacement therapies , organ creation, cloning types, techniques, combination of cloning techniques with embryonic stem cells, therapeutic cloning ,potential uses and applications.

 

 Books recommended:

 

1.      Fred H, Wili W  (2004) “Principles of Developmental Biology” 1^st edition, W Norton Company New York

2.      Butter H (1994) “Invitro Cultivation of Animal Cells” Greenwich pub. Great Britain.

 

 

AGRICULTURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

 

Biotech-485-6                                                                                                          (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

Plant cell cultures for the production of secondary metabolites, hairy root culture, elicitation of product accumulation, biological control on the production of secondary metabolites. Genetic Engineering of nitrogen fixation, nif- gene transfer, detailed mechanism of nodule formation by bacterium. Problems in Nif gene transfer. Biotic stress resistance; insect resistance, viral resistance, fungal resistance. Development of sencence. Abiotic stress resistance, herbicides resistance. Bioinsecticides; bacteria, viruses.  Genetic engineering of plants.

Recommended Books:

1.      Glick B, Pasternak J, (2004) “Molecular Biotechnology” 3^rd edition, ASM Press.

2.      Watson B, Gann B, Levine L (2003) “Molecular Biology of the Gene” 5^th edition,      Pearson Education Companies.

BIOPLYMERS

Biotech-485-7                                                                                                        (3 Credit hours)

 

ISOLATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM PLANTS

Biotech-485-8                                                                                                        (3 Credit hours)

 

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Biotech-485-9                                                                                                        (3 Credit hours)