SEMESTER: 7th FULL COURSE DETAILS

 SEMESTER: 7th FULL COURSE DETAILS

Semester VII

Course No.	Course Title	Cr. Hours
BT- 411	Genomics	3
BT- 412	Oncology	3
BT- 413	Techniques in Biotechnology-II	3
BT- 414	Proteomics	3
BT-415 OR BT-416	Economics and Business Applications in Biotechnology OR Bioethics	2
BT-417	General-IV (Research Methodology )	3
Seventh Semester Total		17

SEMSETER VII

GENOMICS

BT-411                                                                                                                   (3 Credit hours)

 

Course contents:

An overview of genomics; what is genome and genomics, History of genomics, Applictions of genomics. The ‘ome and –omics series. Genomes: Prokaryotic genome (E.coli genome), Eukaryotic genome (Human Nuclear and Mitochondrial genome), Extra chromosomal genome (Mitochondrial and Chloroplast genome). Genome sequencing projects; genome mapping, genomic sequencing, genome projects (Human, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans), finding genes, gene assignment, bioinformatics in genome. Post genome analysis; global changes in gene expression, differential display, microarrays, chips with everything, protein function on a genome wide scale, Knock out analysis, anti-sense and RNA interference (RNAi), Genome- wide Two-hybrid screens, protein detection arrays. Methods in genomics; Methods of gene sequencing, Gene prediction and gene counting, genome similarity and SNPs, DNA chips (DNA microarray) technology and its applications. Types of Genomics; Structural genomics, Functional genomics, Comparative genomics and Mutational genomics. Applications of genomics in Biomedical Research: Genomics impact on medicine and New molecular medicine, individual response to drugs (Pharamacogenomics), Genomics impact on cancer research, Taxicogenomics.

ONCOLOGY

BT-412                                                                                                                   (3 Credit hours)

 

Course contents:

Cancer Biology: The Basics

Introduction, historical perspective, classification, carcinogenesis, Cancer initiation, promotion and progression. Cellular proto-oncogenes, oncogenes activation. Growth factors, growth factor receptor, signal transduction. Retroviral oncogenes.

Cancer genes II: Tumor suppressor genes and cell cycle regulation

Tumor suppressor genes, Cancer cell cycles. DNA viruses/ cell immortalization, Tumor suppressor genes pathways, DNA methylation, epigenetic silencing of suppressor genes, Genomic instability, Apoptosis.

 

Understanding Cancer as a disease: Natural history of cancer development

Free radicals, antioxidant and cancer metabolic oxidative stress. Cancer gene rearrangement, detecting, oncogenes abnormalities in clinical specimens. Cell: cell interaction, cell adhesions, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.     

Current Concept in Cancer therapy

Strategies of anticancer chemotherapy, Strategies of anticancer gene therapy, Cancer immunity and strategies of anticancer immunotherapy.

Recommended Books

1.      Robert A ‘The biology of Cancer’ 2^nd edition, 2001, Garlands Publishers

2.      Dennis W. Ross, ‘Introduction to oncogen and Molecular Cancer’ 2^nd edition, 2003, Springer Publishing Company

3.      Geoffry M Cooper, ‘Oncogens’ 2^nd edition, Jones and Bretlett Publishers

4.      Glick A, Pasternack N, ‘Molecular Biotechnology’ 3^rd edition, 2005. 

TECHNIQUES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY-II

BT-413                                                                                                                   (3 Credit hours)

 

 Course contents:

Theory, instrumentation and application of:

1.      UV-Visible spectroscopy

2.      Infra red Spectroscopy

3.      Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy

4.      GC-Mass spectrometry

5.      Atomic absorption Spectrometry

 

Recommended Books

1.      Campbell L, Durek D. Barun B (1987) 1^st edition, ‘Introduction to instrumental Analysis’ Mc Graw Hill International editions, Chemistry Series.

2.      Kenkel J (1994) 2^nd edition, ‘Analytical Chemistry for technicians’ Lewis Publishers, Bocaraton.

3.      Wilson K, Walker J (1994) 3^rd edition, ‘Principle and techniques of Practical Biochemistry’ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

 

 

PROTEOMICS

BT-414                                                                                                                      (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

            Introduction to proteomics. Bridging genomics and proteomics. Methods of measurement of gene (mRNA expression). DNA array hybridization and non DNA array based method of mRNA quantification. Brief introduction to techniques used in proteomics. Image analysis of two-dimensional gel, data acquisition, digital image processing, Protein spot detection, gel matching, data analysis, data presentation, database. The automation of proteomics-technical solution, informatics solution for proteomics. The scope of functional proteomics;

a.       Drug development and toxicology

b.      Phage antibodies as tools for proteomics

c.       Glycobiology and proteomics

d.      Proteomics in plant genetics and breeding.

Recommended Book:

1.      S. R. Pennington, M. J. Dunn, ‘Proteomics’ 1^st edition, 2002, BIOS scientific Publishers Limited.    

 

ECONOMICS AND BUSSINESS APPLICATIONS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

BT-415                                                                                                                   (2 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

Multinational Corporation and biotech. Biotech economics. Competition and market; macroeconomics, linkage to biotech, marketing biotech commodities.

Biotechnology market regulations; patents and patenting biotechnology inventions, intellectual property rights, plants variety protection act, animal variety protection act.

Recommended Books:

1.      Tom A (2003) 1^st edition, “The Biotech Investor” USA.

2.      Cynthia R (2001) 1^st edition, “The Business of Biotechnology” USA.

 

 

 

BIOETHICS

BT-416                                                                                                              (2 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

Introduction to bioethics. Commercialization and benefit sharing of biotechnology. Human genome project. Ethical and legal aspect of biotechnology. Optimizing safety and benefits of genetic testing; a look at Canadian policy. Experimentations on human embryos; bioethical discussion in Europe with special attention to Austria and Germany. The cultural challenge of biotechnology in post communist Europe. This gene is different from other; the Jewish approach to biotechnology. Islamic perspective on biotechnology. Research ethics; an East Asian perspective. Media biotechnology and culture. Bioterrorism and justice. Policy statements and case study.

Recommended Books:

1.      Reddy L (2002), 1st edition, “Bioterrorism” APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.

2.      Helga K, Petter S (2001) 1^st edition, “A Companion to Bioethics” Blackwell Publishing Corporation USA.

3.      Michaecal C (2000) 1^st edition, “Cross Culture Biotechnology” Rowman and Littlefield Publishers INC. 

 

GENERAL-IV (RESEARCH METHODOLOGY)

BT-417                                                 (3 Credit hours)

 

 

Course Contents:

Overview of scientific research. Improvement through research, nature of scientific inquiry, applications of research in industry. Choosing a project; development of a research project, writing a research grant application, role of students, supervisor’s role. Designing and investigation; identifying the level within investigation, deciding on techniques to be employed. Analysis of results; control, samples and replications. Reviewing the literature; primary and secondary sources, scientific record keeping. Use of microorganisms, animals, plants and humans in experimentation. Use of pathogens in experiments. Conflict of interests. Ownership of data; writing, presentation and publishing the scientific papers, filing patent application.