SEMESTER: 5th FULL COURSE DETAILS
Semester
V
|
Course No. |
Course Title |
Cr. Hours |
|
BT-
311 |
Enzymology |
3 |
|
BT-
312 |
Environmental
Biotechnology |
3 |
|
BT-
313 |
Metabolism-II |
3 |
|
BT-
314 |
Bioinformatics-I |
3 |
|
BT-
315 |
Plant
Biotechnology |
3 |
|
BT-
316 |
Cellular
Signaling |
3 |
|
Fifth Semester
Total |
18 |
|
SEMESTER V
ENZYMOLOGY
|
BT-311 (3
Credit hours) |
Course Contents:
Enzymes, nomenclature and classification of enzymes.
Co-enzymes. Co-factors, prosthetic group, holoenzymes, proenzymes &
core-enzymes. General properties of enzymes; nature of enzymes, effect of
different factors on enzymes activity, effect of temperature, effect of pH,
effect of substrate concentration. Monomeric & oligomeric enzymes. Soluble &
membrane-bound enzymes. Regulation of enzymes; regulatory enzymes as pace
makers, regulatory enzymes as an allosteric enzymes. Enzyme inhibition. Enzymes catalysis.
Immobilization of enzymes; introduction, different
techniques used, entrapment (gel entrapment), fiber entrapment,
micro-encapsulation, carrier binding (physical binding), ionic binding,
covalent binding, metal binding. Iso-enzymes; introduction, simple structure of
isoenzymes, formation of isoenzymes, identification of isoenzymes, significance
of isoenzymes. Diagnostic applications of certain enzymes, quantitative
analysis of enzymes. Enzymes structure; molecular structure, number of peptide
chains, molecular weight, amino acid sequence, structure & configuration of
enzymes, determination of active center.
Enzyme kinetics;
Michaelis-Menten equation, LineWeaver-Burk’s equation. Significance of Burk’s
plot to determine Km Value.
Practicals:
Investigation of enzymes in biological preparations:
Extraction and purification of enzymes, enzyme assays. Instrumental techniques
used in enzyme analysis. Estimation of amylase, acid protease, acid phosphates,
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Effect of pH on enzyme stability and activity.
Effect of temperature and time on the stability and proteolytic activity of enzyme.
Effect of metal ions, inhibitors and activators on enzyme activity. Separation
of LDH isozymes by electrophoresis.
Recommended Books:
1.
Malcolam
D (1964) 2nd edition, “Enzymes” Longman, Green & Co.
2.
Butter
W (2000) 1st edition, “Principles of Enzymes Biotechnology for
Technological Applications” Butter Worth Heinman Ltd.
3.
Murray
R, Granuea D, Mayer P, Rodwell V (2003) 26th edition, “Harper’s illustrated
Biochemistry” Mc Graw Hill Inc.
4.
David
L, Nelson P, Michael M, Lehninger P (2004) 4th edition, “Principle
of Biochemistry” W.H. Freeman & Company.
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
|
BT-312 (3
Credit hours) |
Course Contents:
Introduction to environmental biotechnology,
importance and application of environment biotechnology, biodegradation,
bioremediation, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand. Phytoremediation.
Microbes in environment, biogeochemical cycles, environmental pollution, types
and sources of pollution, types of pollutants in the environment, effect on
community, types of different pollutants from different industries.Identifying
novel microbial catalysis by enrichment culture and screening, general methods
of making enrichment culture, selection of conditions and medium for the
enrichment culture. Screening for specific biocatalytic reactions,
biodegradation of organic compounds, factors affecting biodegradation,
Requirements for biodegradation, types of biodegradation, biodegradation of
organic compounds. Phenolic compounds, pesticides, hydrocarbons, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, plastics, polychlorinated hydrocarbons, degradative Plasmids, microbes that harbour catabolic
plasmids, catabolic plasmids of pseudomonas, TOL plasmids and substrates of TOL
plasmids. Bioremediation, concepts of bioremediation, applicability of
bioremediation, biodegradability of petroleum hydrocarbons, halocarbons,
chlorophenols and nitroaromatics. Phytoremediation, application of
phytoremediation, typical plants used in various phytoremediation applications,
design of phytoremediation system, biofilm, facts about biofilm. Colonization
of surfaces, environmental pollution management, water pollution,Water
pollutants, pathogens in water, water purification, tests for measuring water
purity, wastewater biotreatment, biotreatment of muncipal solid waste,
composting , anaerobic conversion, vermiculture, biotreatment of waste air, bioreactors for
air pollution control, advantages of bioreactors for waste air treatment.
Introduction of biosensors, types of biosensors, environmental application of
biosensors, biomonitoring.
Measurement in biomonitoring study, ecofriendly
bioproducts for environmental health, biological control agents,
biofertilizers, biomass energy, biofuels, biogas, Biosafety and biotechnology.
Bioreators types, environmental protection. Authority laws.
Practicals:
Enrichment for bacteria involved in
sulfur cycle using a Winogradsky column. Isolation of Bioluminescent bacteria.
Isolation of Magnetotactic bacteria. Mutualism between Algae and Cyanobacteria.
The symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium and Leguminous plants.
Biodegradation of wastes and pollutants. Cellulose decomposition. The
biodegradation of petroleum. Bioleaching.
Recommended Books:
1. Chatterji A (2002) 2nd edition,
“Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology”
Prertice Hall of India Private Limited,
New Delhi.
2. Bruce E, McCarty P (2001) 2nd
edition, “Environmental Biotechnology”
(Principles and Application), The McGraw
Hill Companies, New York.
METABOLISM II
Course Contents:
|
BT-313 (3
Credit hours) |
Nitrogen metabolism; amino acids deamination
reactions, urea cycle and its regulation, biosynthesis of essential and non-essential
amino acids. Metabolic breakdown of essential and non-essential amino acids;
amino acids as biosynthetic precursors. TCA cycle. Chemical nature and
synthesis of ribonucleotides. Nucleotides degradation. Synthesis of nucleotide
co-enzyme. Regulation of metabolism. Integration, controls and disorders of
metabolic pathways related to amino acids and purine and pyrimidine metabolism.
Practicals:
1. Effect of Detergent and other membrane active
reagents on the erythrocyte membranes.
2. Isolation
of Chloroplast from Spinach leaves.
3. The
evolution of Oxygen by isolated Chloroplasts- Hill oxidants (oxy- electrode ).
4. Respiration
of mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation (ultra centrifugation).
5. Determination
of crude protein by micro-Kjeldahl`s method
6. Determination
of protein by Bradford methods
Recommended Books:
1
David L. Nelson, Michael M (2004) 4th edition, “Principles of Biochemistry” W.H. Freeman
& Company.
2
Donald Voet (2004) 3rd edition, “Biochemistry” Wiley Text
Books.
3
Christopher K, Mathews K, Kensal E, Holde V, Kevin G. Ahern M (1999) 3rd
edition, Biochemistry Publisher- Pearson Education.
4
Murray R, Granuea D, Mayer K,
Rodwell V (2003) 26th edition, “Harper’s illustrated Biochemistry”
Mc Graw Hill.
5
Stryer L, Berg J, Tymoczky J
(2002) 5th edition, “Biochemistry” W.H Freeman and Company.
6
Lippincott Biochemistry
7
Medical biochemistry by Chattrjae.
BIOINFORMATICS-I
|
BT-314 (3
Credit hours) |
Course Contents:
Introductory
Bioinformatics: Biology Databases, DNA sequence databases (EMBL,
GenBank, DDBJ), Protein sequence databases (SWISS-PROT), PIR. Genomes:
Human Genome Project, Plant Genome Project (arabidopsis),. Sequence
Analysis: Pair wise and Multiple Sequence Alignment, Pattern
Searches, Secondary Structure Prediction, Phylogenetic analysis,
WWW-based sequence analysis tools
Recommended Books:
1.
Westhead D.R.,
Parish J. H. and Twyman R. M. (2003),
The Instant Notes series: Bioinformatics.1st
edition, BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited, Oxford,UK.
2.
D. Higgins, W.
Taylor (2001), Bioinformatics:
Sequence, Structure, and Databanks. A practical Approach, Oxford
University Press.
3.
Andrew R. Leach
(2003), Moleculor Modelling,
Principles and Applications. AddisinWesley longman Limited.
4.
Claverie, J.M and
Cedric Notredame (2003), Bioinformatic
– A. Beginner’s Guide, Wiley publishing, Inc, USA.
PLANT BIOTECHNOOGY
|
BT-315 (3
Credit hours) |
Course Contents:
Historical perspective. Media;
introduction, composition, preparation and sterilization techniques. Concept
and historical development of tissue culture techniques. Root, shoot, meristem
and embryo culture. Hormonal control of organ formation. Preparation and
cloning of single cells. Laboratory requirements and general techniques.
Introduction, requirement and techniques, cell culture. Isolation of single
cell. Suspension culture. Plant cell reactors (Batch cultures). Application of
cell culture. Synchronization. Totipotency; introduction, cytodifferentiation
and organogenic differentiation. Somatic embryogenesis; Embryogenesis and
factors affecting the process. Induction, development and maturation of somatic
embryos. Large scale embryo production and artificial (synthetic) seeds. From
single cell to plant. Practical application of cellular totipotency. Haploid
production; techniques. Androgenesis and factors affecting the process.
Ontogeny of androgenic haploid. gynogenesis. Distant hybridization. Homozygous
diploid development; applications and limitations. Triploid production
techniques. Histology and cytology of cells. Organogenesis. Application of
endosperm cultures. Protoplast Culture; isolation of protoplasts. Culture and
regeneration. Protoplast fusion, their types and applications.
In vitro pollination and
fertilization. Introduction, techniques and applications.
Germplasm storage; introduction,
techniques and applications.
Practicals:
Aseptic technique. Microscopy. Screening for contamination. Media
preparation. Callus formation.
Selection and
analysis of transformed cells. Tobacco anther culture. Micropropagation. Protoplast
isolation. Cell culture. Embryo rescue
Recommended Books:
1. Purohit S (2001) 2nd edition, “Biotechnology Fundamentals and Applications”
Agrobios (India).
2. Chawla
H (2000) 2nd edition,
“Introduction to Plant Biotechnology” Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
3. Bhojwani
S, Razdan M (1983) 3rd edition, “Plant Tissue Culture” Elsevier.
CELLULAR
SIGNALLING
|
BT-316 (3
Credit hours) |
Course Contents:
General principles of cell signaling: Types of signaling (paracrine, endocrine,
autocrine, synaptic, gap junctions), combinatorial signaling, responses to some
signaling molecules, primary and secondary responses to signaling molecules,
Classes of cell-surface receptor proteins (G-protein linked receptors, Enzyme
linked receptors, Ion channel linked receptors). Signal integration. Signaling
via G-protein linked receptors: Classes of G-proteins (stimulatory,
inhibitory). Signaling pathways by G-protein linked receptors (cAMP pathway, Ca
pathway, interaction between cAMP and Ca pathways). G-proteins regulating ion
channels, signal amplification, memory response. Signaling via Enzyme-linked
receptors: Receptor guanylyl cyclase, Tyrosine specific protein kinases (SH2,
SH3 domains containing proteins, Ras protein, Adaptor protein, MAP kinase
activation) Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors, Protein tyrosine
phosphatases, Serine/threonine protein kinases. Target cell adaptation: Due to
receptor down-regulation, Due to downstream changes other than receptors. Cell
division cycle: General stategy of cell
cycle ( M-phase, G1 phase, S-phase, G2 phase) Central control system (cdk,
cyclins) Cell division controls in multicellular organisms ( regulation of
mammalian cell growth, growth factors) Study of Cancer cells (genes involved in the control of cell
proliferation, intracellular signaling cascade). Study of biofilms: Interaction of various microorganisms,
Development of a biofilm, Factors influencing the development of a biofilm.
Recommended Books:
1.
Albert B, Bary D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Watson
J, (1994) 3rd edition, “Molecular
Biology of the Cell” Garland Publishing Inc. N.Y.
2.
Frefielder D, Malcinski G, (1993) 2nd edition,
“Essential of Molecular Biology” Elsevier, N.Y.
3.
DeRobertis E, Derobertis E (1987) 2nd edition, “Cell and molecular
Biology” Lead and Febiger, N.Y.
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