SEMESTER: 6th FULL COURSE DETAILS

 SEMESTER: 6th   FULL COURSE DETAILS

Semester VI

Course No.	Course Title	Cr. Hours
BT- 321	Immunology	3
BT- 322	Animal Biotechnology	3
BT- 323	Recombinant DNA	3
BT- 324	Medical Biotechnology	3
BT- 325	Techniques in Biotechnology-I	3
BT-326	Bioinformatics-II	3
Sixth Semester Total		18

SEMESTER VI

IMMUNOLOGY                    

BT-321                                                                                                              (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

An introduction to immunology, innate immunity, complement system and innate system, receptors of the immune system, induced innate responses to infection. The recognition of antigen, antigen recognition by B cell & T cell receptors, structure of typical antibody molecule, interaction of antibody with specific antigen, antigen recognition by T cells.Generation of lymphocytes antigen receptors, antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, signaling through immune system receptors development. Immunological memory. Immune system in health and disease. Allergy and hypersensitivity.  Auto immunity and transplantation.

Practicals:

Non-specific resistance, blood group determination. Agglutination reactions: microtiter agglutination. Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, radioimmunoassary, enzyme immunoassays, fluorescent-immunoassays. Immunochromatography.

Recommended Books:

1.      Richard A, Thomas J, Janis K, Barbara A (2003) 5th edition, “Immunology” W.H. Freeman & Company.

2.      William E, Md. Paul (2003) 5th edition, “ Fundamental Immunology” Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Bk & Cdr.

3.      Janeway C, Walport M (2001) 5th edition, “Immunobiology” Garland publishers.

 

ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

BT-322                                                                                                          (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

Introduction to animal biotechnology. Breeds of livestock in Pakistan; role of livestock in the economic development. Principles of animal cell and tissue culture; origin of concept, cell markers, cellular morphology, types of cells, primary and established cell lines, kinetics of cell growth, genetics of cultured cells, applications of animal tissue cultures. Techniques of animal cell and tissue culture; sources of cells, techniques of cell culture, equipments, the substrate on which cells grow in laboratory, media handling equipment, cell culture media, animal tissue culture media, culture procedures, preparation of animal material, primary culture, cell lines and cloning, somatic cell fusion, tissue culture, organ culture, whole embryo culture. Artificial animal breeding; artificial insemination and germ cell storage, ectogensis, amniocentesis, transplantation, cloning technique, in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer techniques, selective animal breeding ,hazards of artificial breeding. Transgenic animal technology; concept of transgene and transgenics, use of transgenics in animal agriculture and research models. Mouse transgenesis. Livestock transgenesis. Animal cloning. Animal pharming. Fish biotechnology; genetic requirements for transgenic fish development; characterization of transgenic fish ,application of transgenic fish in biotechnology. Animal health biotechnology. zoonotic diseases.

Practicals:

Demonstration of production of serum/Plasma. Preparation of Hank’s Balanced salt’s solution. Preparation of serum supplemented yeast extract medium. Establishment of a primary cell line of chicken fibroblast. Study of germ cells of animals.

Production of extenser. Study of transformed and non-transformed cells. Demonstration of embryo transfer techniques.

 

Recommended Book:

1.   Ranga M (2004) 2^nd edition,   “Animal Biotechnology” Agrobios Publisher India.

            2.   Dubey R (2004) 1^st edition, “Text book of Biotechnology” S.Chand Publishers.

            3.   Ranga/Shami (2003) 1^st edition, “Fish Biotechnology” Agriobios Publishers.

RECOMBINANT DNA

 

BT-323                                                                                                          (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

Introduction to recombinant DNA technology. Restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, Polymerase etc. Cloning vehicles; plasmids, cosmids, lambda phage, choral phage shuttle vectors. Introduction of cloned genes into the host cells; transformation, transduction, particle gun, electroporation, liposome mediated, cultivation etc.Molecular biology of DNA transfer in plants through Agrobacterium tumefaciens, discovering of Ti plasmids and T-DNA, Opines, Expression of T-DNA genes, functional organization of the T-DNA, Ti plasmid as gene vector, caulimoviruses, Gemini viruses. RNA viruses, viroids. Analysis and expression of cloned gene in host cells; restriction enzyme analysis, southern blotting, northern blotting, in-situ hybridization, DNA sequencing. RFLP, PCR, RAPD, DNA finger printing, Ribozymes, DNA probes, antisense RNA, expression of cloned genes. DNA sequencing, reporter genes. Gene libraries-construction and analysis of cDNA, m RNA, isolation, cDNA synthesis, cloning and amplification of gene libraries, genomic DNA libraries, YACs, BACs, measuring activity of fused genes. Identifying the products of c DNA clones; changing genes, site-directed mutagenesis. Genetically modified plants and animals. Controlling the expression of transgenes. Transferring genes into animal oocytes, eggs, embryos and specific animal tissues. Applications of genetic engineering.

Practicals:

Growth of bacteria on solid medium, preparation of bacterial culture, restriction enzyme digestion of DNA preparation, separation and identification of DNA fragment by agarose gel electrophoresis, purification of DNA fragmented  by electroporation after digestion and separation on agarose, PCR, sequencing,  preparation of prob for DNA fragment analysis, southern blot and hybridization,  prob preparation for RNA analysis, Northern blot.

Recommended Books:

1.      Primose (2001) 5^th edition, “Principles of Gene Manipulation” Blackwell Science.

2.      Lodish (2002) 4^th edition, “Molecular Cell Biology” W.H Freeman & company.

3.      Brucr Albert (2002) 4^th edition, “ Molecular Biology of the Cell” Garland science.

4.      James D, Watson (2003) 5^th edition, “Molecular Biology of the Genes” W.H     Freeman and Company.

5.      Brown T (2000) 2^nd edition, “Introduction to Gene Cloning” McGraw Hill Inc.

6.      Anil K (2001) 1^st edition, “Textbook of biotechnology” S Chand Series.

7.      Agarwakl K (1999) 2^nd edition, “Molecular Biology and Biotechnology” S Chand Series.

MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

BT-324                                                                                                              (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents:

Cancer. Carcinogenic viruses. Gene therapy; classical gene therapy, non-classical gene therapy, different diseases for which gene therapy is successful. Molecular Diagnostics. DNA mutation scanning. Monoclonal antibodies; cloning monoclonal antibodies, uses of monoclonal antibodies. Recombinant DNA Vaccines. Interferon; cloning interferon, types of interferon, engineering interferon, therapeutic use and mechanism of action of interferon. Engineering human growth hormone. Enzymes therapy; DNase 1, alignate lyase.

Recommended Books

1.      Glick B, Pasternak J (2004) 3^rd edition, “Molecular Biotechnology” Willey and Sons.

2.      Strachan S, Andrew P (2004) 3rd edition, “Human Molecular Genetics” Willey and Sons. 

3.      Lewin C, Benjamin M (2002) 7th edition, “Gene 7” Oxford Univ. Press.

 

TECHNIQUES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY-I

BT-325                                                                                                                   (3 Credit hours)

 

Course Contents: Course Contents:

Ultra centrifugation, Sedimentation, density gradient and differential centrifugation, Introduction to Chromatography, types of chromatography, HPLC instrumentation and applications., Electrophoresis, paper and gel Electrophoresis, Capillary and two dimensional electrophoresis, PCR, blotting techniques.

Recommended Books:

1.            Campbell L, Durek, Braun B (1987) 1^st edition, “Introduction to instrumental Analysis” Mc Graw Hill International editions, chemistry series.

2.            Kenkel J (1994) 2^nd edition, “Analytical Chemistry for Technicians” Lewis Publishers, BocaRaton.

3.            Wilson K, Walker J (1994) 3^rd edition, “Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry” Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

 

BIOINFORMATICS-II

BT-326                                                                                                                   (3 Credit hours)

 

Course contents:

            Structural Bioinformatics: Structural Biology Database (Protein Data Bank PDB, Structural classification of  Proteins (SCOP), CATH databases).  Structure Prediction: Homology modeling, Protein fold recognition, Ab-intio Protein structure prediction, Predicting transmembrane protein domain. Molecular Modeling and Visualization: DS Viewer, Swiss PDB viewer, Rasmol. Applications of structural Bioinformatics and Structural Genomics: Medical Infomatics ( Telemedicine, Medical records, Reports, image and their management, Medical databases and Networks).

Recommended Books:

1.            Stephan M. and Stephen A. Krawetz (2000), Bioinformatics: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press Totowa, New Jersey.

2.            Westhead D.R., Parish J.H. and Twyman R.M (2003), The instant Notes series: Bioinformatics. Ist edition, BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited, Oxford, UK.

3.            D. Higgins, W. Taylor (2001), Bioinformatics: Sequence, structure and databanks. A practical approach, Oxford University press.

4.            Andrew R. Leach (2003), Molecular Modeling, Principles and applications. Addisin Wesley Longman Limited.

5.            Claverie, J.M and Cedric Notredame (2003), Bioinformatics-A. Beginners Guide, Wiley publishing, Inc, USA.

6.            Subramanian C (2004), A textbook of Bioinformatics. Dominant Publishers and Distributors New.

7.            Gibas. C and Jambeck. P (2001), Developing Bioinformatics Computer Skills. Published by O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. USA.

8.            Bouxivanous: Structural Bioinformatics